Theyâve called it broken for decades.
And theyâre right. But what they wonât tell you is that the U.S. immigration system isnât broken by accident. Itâs been engineered into a messâby both parties, across administrations, with a toxic combo of incompetence, political cowardice, and strategic cruelty.
From Reaganâs âamnestyâ deal to Bidenâs app-based border management, the U.S. has ping-ponged between pretending to fix immigration and actively making it worse. Legal pathways are a bureaucratic maze. Enforcement is scattershot, inconsistent, and often performative. And when all else fails, we slap on another executive workaround that does just enough to kick the can down the road.
Meanwhile, the result? A ballooning undocumented population, record-high border crossings, legal limbo for millions, and a population more confused than ever about whoâs allowed here and why.
This isnât about âopen bordersâ or âfortress America.â Itâs about the factsâand the forty years of political theater that brought us here.
đš TL;DR: Pick Your Flavor of Chaos
This oneâs long. Like 40 years of bipartisan incompetence long. So if don't want to read the whole thing, you can pick your own adventure by clicking one of the sections below:
What the Hell Even Is Legal Immigration?
Lawful vs. Unauthorized: Know the Difference, or Be Played
Hereâs the trick politicians use: they scream about âillegal immigrantsâ without ever explaining how stupidly easy it is to fall out of legal status in the first place.
There are two basic immigration categories: lawful and unauthorized. Sounds simple. Itâs not.
Lawful means youâve got government permissionâtemporarily or permanently. This includes:
- Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs): AKA green card holders. They can live and work here permanently 1.
- Nonimmigrants: Temporary visitorsâtourists, students, guest workers 3.
- Refugees and Asylees: People granted protection based on persecution 5.
Unauthorized means youâre in the country illegallyâbut hereâs the kicker: you donât have to sneak across the border to get there. You can come in legally, overstay a visa, and boomâyouâre out of status and accumulating unlawful presence 7. That starts the countdown to bans:
- 180+ days out of status = 3-year ban if you leave.
- 1+ year = 10-year ban.
- Re-enter after that? Youâre permanently barred unless you qualify for a waiver 7.
Minors and asylum seekers donât always accrue unlawful presenceâbut the rules are as clear as mud and easy to break.
So when politicians bleat about âillegal aliens,â remember: most people donât sneak inâthey fall out. Bureaucracy does the dirty work.
How Do You Get In Legally? Spoiler: You Probably Donât
There are several official ways to immigrate legally. But most people arenât eligible for any of them. Hereâs why:
| Pathway | Basis | Status Granted |
|---|---|---|
| Family-Based | Relative of citizen or LPR | Green card |
| Employment-Based | Job offer, skills, or big $$ | Green card |
| Diversity Lottery | Born in the ârightâ country + educated | Green card |
| Refugee/Asylum | Fleeing persecution | Protection, then green card after 1 year |
| TPS/DACA | From a disaster zone or arrived as a kid | No real status, just temporary protection |
Family visas? Backlogged for decades in some cases. Employment-based? Good luck unless youâve got an advanced degree or $1 million to throw around. The lottery? Literally a crapshoot. And asylum? You better have airtight documentation or be ready to wait in a tent city for years.
The legal pathways are narrow and riddled with landmines. No wonder millions end up in limbo.
Life in Limbo: The Immigration Twilight Zone
Asylum, Parole, CBP OneâLegal? Kinda. Stable? Hell no.
Thereâs a whole slice of U.S. immigration that lives in purgatory. Not quite legal. Not quite illegal. Just bureaucratically suspended in air.
Weâre talking:
- Asylum applicants
- Parolees
- CBP One users
- TPS and DACA recipients
All these people are here, but not really here. Their status is like Schrödingerâs green card: maybe itâll materialize, maybe theyâll get deported mid-process. Depends on the day.
Asylum: Say the Magic Words and Hope You Donât Get Lost
Asylum sounds simpleâflee persecution, request protection. In reality? Itâs a legal obstacle course with a multi-year waitlist.
You could apply two ways:
- Affirmatively with USCIS, if youâre not already in removal proceedings 5.
- Defensively, if youâre already in removal and trying to avoid deportation 19.
As of mid-2022, the U.S. had:
- 915,000 pending defensive asylum cases.
- 720,000 pending affirmative asylum applications 19.
That backlogâs bigger than the population of San Franciscoâand growing. Fast.
While you wait? You canât be deported(in theory). Maybe you can work. But you canât leave. You canât plan. You canât sleep easy.
Welcome to the âNot Illegal But Not Welcomeâ club.
Humanitarian Parole: AKA âTemporary Until It Isnâtâ
Parole is the Swiss Army knife of immigration policy. It lets DHS let people in without admitting them. Yes, really.
They get:
- No formal status
- Temporary presence
- Maybe work authorization 22
Itâs used for:
- Afghans, Ukrainians, Venezuelans, Haitians, and more.
- People in crisis who donât fit any other box.
- Bidenâs shiny CHNV program (Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, Venezuela), which required a U.S. sponsor and entry through CBP One 24. (Author Note: This program was ended by Trump in 2025.)
Itâs wasnât asylum. Itâs wasnât a visa. It was a Band-Aid with a time limit.
| Feature | Asylum | Humanitarian Parole |
|---|---|---|
| Legal Status | Yes (if granted) | No (entry without admission) |
| Work Authorization | After 180 days | Often immediate |
| Path to Green Card | Yes (after 1 year) | None |
| Duration | Indefinite (pending case) | Typically 1â2 years |
| How to Apply | Must be on U.S. soil | Outside U.S., via app + sponsor |
And like all temporary things in the U.S. immigration system, it yanked with zero warning.
CBP One: Border Management by App Store
CBP One was a (now defunct) mobile app that migrants were required to use to request appointments at U.S. ports of entry.
Sounds high-tech. In reality? It was glitchy, slow, and overwhelmed 25.
This was the deal:
- Migrants couldnât just walk up to the border anymore.
- They were required to wait in certain cities, schedule a slot in the app, show up, and maybe get processed for asylum or parole.
- It was like OpenTable for humanitarian desperation.
But this didnât guarantee legal status. It just got them through the doorâwhere they were dumped into the asylum backlog or granted parole limbo.
And if they missed their window? DHS told you to âleave immediatelyâ 25. As if they had a round-trip ticket and an Airbnb waiting in Tegucigalpa.
Legal-ish: Millions Lived in This Gray Zone
This shadow system was not a bugâitâs a feature. Why?
Because it let politicians:
- Say theyâre âprotecting the vulnerableâ without granting permanence.
- Boost enforcement stats without overhauling laws.
- Manage migration flows without Congress doing anything.
But for the people stuck in it?
Itâs an endless waiting room. Paperwork purgatory. A life you canât build, but canât leave behind.
Legal Admissions vs. the Undocumented Reality
One Million Legal Immigrants per YearâGive or Take
If you believe the headlines, Americaâs border is wide open and weâre being âinvaded.â
The reality? The U.S. legally admits about 1 million people per year for permanent residence 9. That includes:
- Family-sponsored immigrants
- Employment-based green cards
- Diversity visa winners
- Refugees and asylees adjusting status
In FY2023: 1,172,910 new lawful permanent residents (LPRs) were admitted 9.
But hereâs the kicker: this number exceeds the supposed âcapâ on legal immigration becauseâŠ
- Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens are exempt from caps
- Unused visas roll over across categories
- Backlogged cases get processed late
Translation? The quota system is a mess. And itâs gaming its own rules to keep up.
The Great Ghost Population: 11 to 13.7 Million Undocumented
Meanwhile, the shadow population lives next door.
- Pew: 11.0 million undocumented in 2022 18
- MPI: 13.7 million by mid-2023, when you count the legally gray (TPS, DACA, parole, pending asylum) 29
Estimates of the Undocumented Population
| Year | Estimate | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 11.0 million | Pew |
| Mid-2022 | 11.3 million | MPI |
| Mid-2023 | 13.7 million | MPI (updated) |
MPIâs updated number matters. It reflects reality: people with temporary papers but zero path to permanence are still in limboâand often lumped in with âillegalsâ in policy debates.
How Did They Get Here? Spoiler: Itâs Not Just the Border
Letâs kill a myth right now: Most undocumented immigrants didnât sneak across the Rio Grande.
Since 2007, the majority of new undocumented residents came legally and overstayed their visas 31. You read that right.
Visa overstays > Border crossers.
In 2014:
- 66% of new undocumented = Visa overstays
- 34% = Entered without inspection (EWI)
And that trend likely continued or worsened, but DHS doesnât even bother tracking overstays at land borders. All we get is air/sea data.
DHSâs Pathetic Overstay Data
In FY2023:
- 39 million expected air/sea departures
- 399,708 suspected overstays
- Final overstay rate: 1.02% 32
Low percentage, right? Sureâbut 1% of 39 million is still a small cityâs worth of people vanishing into the void.
And this doesnât include:
- Overland visitors from Mexico/Canada
- Visa Waiver Program entrants via land
- Anyone who entered legally but violated terms later
Weâre flying blind on a massive part of the undocumented flow.
Mode of Entry Breakdown
| Year | Visa Overstays | Entered Without Inspection (EWI) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | ~66% | ~34% | CMS estimate (new arrivals) |
| FY2023 | 1.02% of air/sea visitors | Unknown | DHS only tracks air/sea |
TL;DR?
You can build all the walls you want.
If youâre ignoring visa overstays, youâre fighting half a war.
Border hysteria is political theater.
The real leakage is happening at consulates, airports, and immigration offices.
And the people stuck in limbo? Theyâre legal enough to pay taxes, but not legal enough to get on with their lives.
The Real Immigrant Profile: Whoâs Actually Here?
Forget the slogans. Letâs look at the foreign-born population like adults.
Record Numbers, But Still Below Historic Highs
In 2023, 47.8 million foreign-born people lived in the U.S.â14.3% of the total population 18.
Thatâs a record in raw numbers, but letâs not lose our minds.
In 1890, immigrants made up 14.8% of the population.
Thatâs rightâthe Ellis Island era had a higher share.
So, unless your grandma was ICE-ing people off the boat, spare us the âunprecedented invasionâ rhetoric.
Citizenship: The End Goal (For Most)
Letâs break it down by legal status. Pewâs 2022 numbers are the clearest snapshot 18:
U.S. Foreign-Born Population by Status (2022)
| Status | Population | Percent of Foreign-Born |
|---|---|---|
| Naturalized Citizens | ~22.6 million | 49% |
| Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs) | ~11.1 million | 24% |
| Temporary Legal Residents (e.g., students, workers) | ~1.8 million | 4% |
| Unauthorized Immigrants | ~10.6 million | 23% |
Translation?
- Nearly 3 in 4 immigrants are here legally.
- Half are full-fledged U.S. citizens.
And those here without status? Many have been here for over a decade, are raising U.S. citizen children, and pay taxesâwithout access to most benefits.
The Legally Fragile: TPS, DACA, Parole
Now, hereâs the blurry middle. People who are:
- Protected from deportation
- Allowed to work
- But have no path to permanent legal status
Weâre talking:
Weâve created a shadow caste of semi-legal people we let clean our homes, drive our Ubers, care for our kidsâthen hang legal purgatory over their heads like a sword.
DHS Numbers (Spoiler: Not So Precise)
DHS tracks Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs) and naturalizationsâbut good luck finding up-to-date totals on:
- How many people are on humanitarian parole
- How many still have valid visas after overstaying work authorization
- Whoâs slipped into âout of statusâ limbo after losing employment or student status
Why? Because the system is held together by spreadsheets, duct tape, and wishful thinking.
Legal-ish â Secure
Even folks with documents are one job loss, denied renewal, or USCIS backlog away from slipping through the cracks.
- A DACA recipient misses a renewal? Game over.
- A TPS holderâs designation ends? Deportable.
- An asylum seeker denied after 7 years of waiting? Gone.
America loves âlegal immigrationââuntil it actually meets the people living in its paperwork purgatory.
TL;DR?
- Nearly half of all immigrants are full U.S. citizens.
- Another quarter are green card holders.
- And roughly a quarter are undocumented, liminal, or âlegal-ishâ but not secure.
This isnât a foreign horde. Itâs your coworkers, neighbors, babysitters, and bosses.
- Theyâre already here.
- Theyâve been here.
- And pretending otherwise isnât just delusionalâitâs destructive.
Why Unauthorized Migration Happens: Itâs Not a Mystery
You hear it every election cycle:
âWhy donât they come legally?â
Because the systemâs rigged. Not by some globalist conspiracy.
By decades of policy written by people who wanted the labor, not the citizens.
Letâs unpack the bait-and-switch.
Legal Pathways Are a Pipe Dream for Most
Hereâs what âcoming legallyâ actually requires:
Family Sponsorship?
Hope you have a U.S. citizen sibling and 20 years to spare if youâre from Mexico or the Philippines 9.
Employer-Sponsored Green Card?
Need an advanced degree, six figures, and a company willing to spend $10K+ and wait years for paperwork. Thatâs assuming youâre not from Indiaâthen itâs decades 10.
Refugee Resettlement?
Only available outside the U.S. You canât be here already. Youâll also need a UN referral, a lottery win, and a vetting process more intense than a CIA background check 14.
Asylum?
You have to be on U.S. soil or at a port of entry to even apply 5.
Then wait in limbo for years, praying your claim fits one of five narrow legal groundsânot including poverty, gang violence, or climate collapse 15.
Tourist Visa?
Must prove you have no intent to stay, stable income, and strong ties to your home countryânone of which you have if your government collapsed or your cousin was just murdered.
Legal immigration is like a nightclub bouncer telling you to wait in line while they wave their buddies through the side door.
You Donât âJust Get In Lineâ If Thereâs No Line for You
There is no line for most of the world.
No visa. No channel. No path.
So when your country collapsesâand weâll get to why that happens nextâyou either:
- Wait for a miracle
- Pay a coyote
- Risk your life
Millions pick option 3. Because the odds here, even undocumented, beat certain hell at home.
| Scenario | Your Move | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Youâre a 24-year-old Haitian with no passport | Apply for parole on CBP One | App crashes. Try again next month. |
| Youâre a Venezuelan engineer with no U.S. ties | Apply for asylum | 7-year waitlist. Hope your case fits a âcategory.â |
| Youâre fleeing gang threats in Honduras | Request refugee status | Canât do that here. Try a UN camp. Good luck. |
| Youâre a U.S. citizenâs adult sibling from the Philippines | Apply through family sponsorship | Check back in 2039. |
| Youâre rich and from Canada | Buy a visa | Welcome to America. |
Humanitarian Parole = Bureaucratic Hunger Games
Letâs say youâre Cuban, Haitian, Nicaraguan, or Venezuelan. The Biden administration might let you in under humanitarian paroleâif you:
- Have a valid passport
- Apply from outside the U.S.
- Secure a U.S. sponsor
- Pass background checks
- Wait your turn
- Avoid glitches on the CBP One app 24
Guess what? Most people fleeing gang control in Port-au-Prince donât have:
- Internet
- A valid passport
- A fluent English-speaking U.S. sponsor with tax returns handy
Itâs Hunger Games meets Black Mirror.
Bottom Line? Legal Migration Is for the Lucky and the Rich
If youâre:
- White
- Educated
- Wealthy
- From a country with a low visa backlog
âŠthen the system might work for you.
If youâre:
- Poor
- From the Global South
- Desperate
- Or just born in the wrong country
âŠyou get the border wall, the detention bed, the asylum backlog from hell - or if you have a soccer tattoo you just might get sent to CECOT to die.
Executive Failure: Every President Built This Crisis
Letâs kill the myth that immigration policy is just a victim of âgridlock.â Itâs not.
Every president since Reagan has worsened the messâby choice. Some cloaked it in compassion, others weaponized it in plain sight. But every one of them handed off a more chaotic, punitive, and broken system than they inherited.
Some highlights?
- Reagan: Promised amnesty, delivered confusion.
- Clinton: Criminalized overstay and asylum.
- Bush Jr.: Nationalized immigration into DHS hell.
- Obama: Gave us DACAâand record deportations.
- Trump: Broke it on purpose.
- Biden: Rebranded cruelty as tech-savvy control.
- Trump 2.0: Now doing it all again, just faster.
And the damage is cumulative.
This isnât âpartisan.â Itâs a timeline of deliberate sabotage.
1986
Reagan signs IRCAâamnesty for millions, but no fix for future flows. Employer sanctions added, enforcement weak.
1996
Clinton signs IIRIRA, expanding deportable offenses and 3/10-year bans for overstays [7].
2002
Bush Jr. creates DHS, folding immigration into national security. Legal entry becomes a security clearance test [3].
2012
Obama launches DACA. Also deports 3 million people, many with U.S. citizen kids [19].
2017â2021
Trump separates families, slashes refugee resettlement, guts asylum, and ramps up ICE raids [23].
2021â2024
Biden ends Title 42, but replaces it with CBP One. Digital border control + parole with no permanence [24] [25].
2025
Trump 2.0 starts with ICE raids, executive mass removals, and legal defiance of court orders [23].
Each admin kicked the can.
Each one called it âreform.â
And each one tightened the screws.
Crisis, Chaos, and Culpability: Why Theyâre Fleeing
Letâs stop pretending this is some cosmic mystery. People donât risk their lives in the DariĂ©n Gap for fun. Theyâre not hiking 2,000 miles with toddlers because they âhate our laws.â
Theyâre running from fire.
And spoiler: we helped light it.
Haiti: Decades of Interventions, Zero Stability
Haiti isnât a failed state. Itâs a systematically sabotaged one.
- In 1994, the U.S. sent in 20,000 troops to restore President Aristideâthen later withdrew support when he dared raise the minimum wage and confront elite interests 33.
- After the 2010 earthquake, billions in foreign aid flowed in. The Red Cross raised half a billion dollars and built⊠six houses 34.
- The U.S. backed President Jovenel MoĂŻse even as he ruled by decree, delayed elections, and oversaw worsening repression. His 2021 assassination created a power vacuum now filled by heavily armed gangs, not public officials 25 35.
Today? Haitians flee cities where the police have fled, and gangs run the ports and airports. Kidnappings, rape, and arson are part of daily life 25 31. The state is missing. And the U.S.? Still backing a âTransitional Presidential Councilâ so unpopular itâs debating itself in circles while the country burns 35.
Venezuela: Sanctions, Starvation, and a Collapsing State
Yes, Maduro is a corrupt authoritarian. Yes, Chavismo helped wreck the economy. But letâs not whitewash our role:
- U.S. oil sanctions in 2019âon top of 2017 financial restrictionsâgutted Venezuelaâs last revenue source, triggering further collapse 54 13.
- Imports of food and medicine plummeted. Hospitals shut down. Infant mortality soared. Measles and malaria made a comeback 10 14.
- As of 2024, over 7.7 million Venezuelans had fledâthe biggest refugee crisis in the Americas, dwarfing anything at the U.S.-Mexico border 13.
âMaximum pressureâ didnât topple Maduro.
It crushed the people he ruled.
U.S. Policy: The Arsonist Who Shows Up With a Hose
Haitians and Venezuelans arenât coming because Biden âinvitedâ them or because Trump âwasnât tough enough.â
Theyâre coming because their countries disintegrated, and Washington helped push them off the cliff.
Then, instead of offering real refuge, we hand them:
- TPS that expires every 18 months like a library book 3 23
- Parole programs that require internet access and paperwork most donât have 3
- An asylum backlog stretching into 2028 23
And when that doesnât work?
We toss them on a deportation flight.
Itâs like blaming a housefire victim for not using the front door.
The Migration Myth Machine: Lies, Distractions, and Border Theater
Turn on cable news and youâd think the U.S.-Mexico border is under siege by a Venezuelan invasion squad and a Haitian narco-army. Tucker screams about âopen borders,â MSNBC mumbles about âhumanitarian pathways,â and both sides manage to ignore the part where U.S. policy helped cause the damn crisis.
Letâs unpack the myths. Then torch them.
Myth #1: âTheyâre just coming for freebies.â
If you think crossing jungles, dodging cartels, and risking death for a $15 dishwashing job is some get-rich-quick scheme, congratulationsâyouâve never met a refugee.
Studies show that migrants from Venezuela and Haiti overwhelmingly cite violence, hunger, and persecution as reasons for leavingânot welfare handouts 13 31. Venezuelan migrants are disproportionately skilled professionals, doctors, teachers, engineersânow delivering Uber Eats in BogotĂĄ or New York 48.
These arenât opportunists.
Theyâre survivors.
Myth #2: âSanctions donât affect migration.â
Tell that to the millions who fled after Venezuelaâs oil income tanked post-2017.
Yes, Venezuela was in freefall before sanctions. No, sanctions didnât start the fire. But when the U.S. cut off oil revenue in 2019, it was like slashing the last lifeline on a sinking ship 54 13. Imports collapsed. Food and medicine disappeared. Malaria surged. So did migration 10.
Some economists still try to argue that fewer sanctions mean more migrationâbecause people can now afford to flee 74. Itâs a clever theory. Itâs also been debunked 72.
Bottom line: sanctions choke economies. When an economy dies, people leave. Ask Cuba. Ask Iran. Ask history.
Myth #3: âThe border is open.â
If by âopenâ you mean thousands deported and locked up daily, then sure.
Border apprehensions of Haitians and Venezuelans have surgedâbut so have expulsions, removals, and detentions 3 23. Title 42 turned back over 2 million people during the pandemic, including families and asylum seekers. Even after it ended, new asylum rules require migrants to first apply in a third countryâmany of which are less safe than the ones they fled 23.
Meanwhile, parole programs require a U.S. sponsor, internet access, and the patience of a DMV line from hell. And TPS? Only if you were already here.
This isnât an âopen border.â
Itâs a bureaucratic meat grinder.
We Built This CrisisâNow Weâre Panicking About the Smoke
Hereâs the truth no one on Capitol Hill wants to say out loud: we helped create the very migrant crisis weâre now trying to âsolve.â
Decades of foreign policy built on regime change fantasies, disaster capitalism, and performative humanitarianism have turned entire nations into exodus zones. Then we act shocked when people show up at our doorâbloodied, broken, and still clutching hope.
Letâs recap:
- We backed coups and corrupt elites in Haiti, then abandoned the country after the cameras left.
- We poured billions into NGOs while the Haitian state withered.
- We sanctioned Venezuela into starvation, hoping to unseat Maduro, and instead helped trigger one of the largest refugee crises on earth.
- Then we responded by tightening the border, slapping up new asylum restrictions, and exporting our crisis to Mexico and the rest of Latin America.
1994
U.S. reinstates President Aristide in Haitiâthen drops support when he challenges elites.
2010
Haiti earthquake. Red Cross raises $500M, builds six houses. Billions in aid vanish.
2017
U.S. imposes financial sanctions on Venezuela. Inflation explodes. Food imports collapse.
2019
Oil sanctions slam Venezuela. Millions begin fleeing. Economy goes dark.
2021
Haitian President MoĂŻse assassinated. U.S. backs a âtransitional councilâ as gangs take over.
Foreign policy timeline: intervene, destabilize, deny responsibility. Then panic when the fallout shows up at your border. Sources: Crisis Group, GAO
None of this is accidental.
Itâs policy.
And now, instead of asking why so many are fleeing, we debate how to make it harder for them to get in. As if migration is the diseaseânot the symptom.
If you burn down your neighborâs house, you donât get to complain when they knock on your door for shelter.
And yetâhere we are.
So the question isnât âWhy are they coming?â
The question is: How long are we going to pretend we didnât light the match?
Sources
[1] Lawful Permanent Resident (Green Card Holder) â USCIS
[2] Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (FY2023) â DHS
[3] Nonimmigrant â USCIS
[4] Haitian Immigrants in the U.S. â Migration Policy Institute
[5] Refugee or Asylee â USCIS
[6] Refugee & Asylum System Briefing â USCIS
[7] Unlawful Presence and Inadmissibility â USCIS
[8] Asylum in the United States â American Immigration Council
[9] Permanent Legal Immigration to the United States â CRS
[10] Employment-Based Immigration Pathways â USCIS
[11] Key Findings About U.S. Immigrants â Pew Research Center
[12] Unauthorized Immigrants in the U.S. â Pew Research Center
[13] Venezuela Situation â UNHCR Global Focus
[14] Sanctions and Venezuelaâs Crisis â CEPR
[15] Humanitarian Crisis in Venezuela â Brookings
[16] Venezuelan Migration â World Bank
[17] Parole â USCIS
[18] Venezuelan Immigrants in the U.S. â MPI
[19] CBP One Fact Sheet â U.S. Customs and Border Protection
[20] CBP One Deportation Warning â NPR
[21] Unauthorized Immigrant Population (2023) â MPI
[22] Visa Overstays vs. Border Crossers â Center for Migration Studies
[23] DHS FY2023 Overstay Report â DHS
[24] Post-MINUSTAH Haiti Report â Crisis Group
[25] Red Cross in Haiti â ProPublica
[26] Haiti: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy â CRS
[27] Locked Transition in Haiti â Crisis Group
[28] Haiti: Instability and Gang Violence â IRC
[29] Venezuela Sanctions Oversight â GAO
[30] U.S. Sanctions and Venezuelaâs Crisis â WOLA
[31] Skilled Venezuelan Migrants â World Bank
[32] Sanctions Not Driving Migration â CGD
[33] Did Sanctions Relief Drive Migration? â CEPR
[34] Haiti Displacement Crisis â IOM
[35] Immigration Statistics â DHS
[48] Venezuelan Professionals â World Bank
[54] Sanctions Impact on Venezuela â GAO
[72] Sanctions Relief and Migration â CEPR
[74] Empirical Assessment: Sanctions & Migration â CGD




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